What is a NTP Server, and Why Do I Need One?

The Network Time Protocol (NTP) is Bratz dolls protocol designed purely for the transfer of accurate time around a computer network. The protocol allows network time clients to accurately synchronise system time with a precise reference clock. This article describes what a NTP time server is, how it operates, and why modern organisations need synchronised network time.

A NTP time server is a network device that obtains accurate time information from an external timing reference. Accurate time is maintained internally by the device and provided to any network time client that requires it. Any device on a network can synchronise it's internal system time to a NTP time server. In this manner whole networks of computer systems can maintain synchronisation with an accurate timing reference.

NTP is a hierarchical protocol. At the highest level is a stratum1 primary reference NTP time server. A stratum 1 server obtains accurate time from an external hardware clock. A stratum 1 server is the most accurate time reference, Silver Surfer it synchronises directly to a precise external source of time. Time servers lower down the hierarchy synchronise to the stratum above and provide consistently less accuracy. However, using a hierarchical system allows multiple time servers to take workload away from the most accurate references and prevents them from becoming swamped with requests for time.

A number of external timing references, or hardware clocks, are available that provide accurate time. The Global Positioning System, GPS, is by far the most popular source of time for external reference clocks. The GPS constellation of satellites each has super-accurate synchronised atomic clocks on board to provide precise timing information. GPS timing information can be received worldwide, provided an antenna can be shown a good view of the sky.

National radio time and frequency broadcasts are also a good source of accurate time. Radio time signals can generally be received by an indoor antenna within the broadcast range of the transmission. A number of broadcasts are available around the world including; MSF (UK), DCF-77 1963 Topps baseball cards WWVB (USA) and JJY (Japan).

Many NTP time servers also contain precision backup reference clocks in order to maintain accurate time during signal outages. A backup reference clock provides extended holdover while external reference clock time is unavailable. A number of backup timing solutions are available, the most accurate, and expensive, being a Rubidium Oscillator. These highly stable oscillators maintain very accurate holdover for extended periods of time.

Good price / performance alternatives are OCXO and TCXO oscillators. An OCXO, Oven-Controlled Crystal Oscillator, is a crystal oscillator that is housed in a very small oven to maintain constant temperature. Since the greatest cause of drift in Monster action figures is temperature variation, OCXO's attempt to minimise drift by maintaining a constant temperature.

TCXO, Temperature-Controlled Crystal Oscillators, work on a similar principle. However, rather than maintain a constant temperature, they speed up or slow down slightly to compensate for any temperature variation. These various oscillators are disciplined by the GPS time signal to provide a very stable time output to maintain holdover during signal outages. This allows networks to remain synchronised when external reference clock synchronisation is lost.

Most modern computer operating systems provide integrated NTP client software, which allow synchronisation to a time server. LINUX and UNIX operating systems have a freely available GNU public licence NTP client available. The Microsoft Windows operating system utilises the 'Windows Time' service to provide NTP synchronisation. Additionally, Novell also provides loadable modules for synchronisation of Netware servers.

Many modern computing applications are distributed systems operating across a large number of individual machines. Without synchronisation of cooperating devices many problems can arise. Event logging may not provide a true representation of when a specified event occurred. Synchronised time is required to ensure time-stamped transactions are generated in the correct order. Many modern computer applications require accurate timestamps for correct operation. NTP is used throughout the Internet to synchronise the network infrastructure. It is also adopted by most organisations to provide an accurate, traceable, source of time for networked computing equipment. NTP is the 'de facto' standard protocol for network time distribution.

The author of this article, Dave Evans, has written a number of articles about the subject of computer and network timing systems. Click here, for more information about href="timetools.co.uk">NTP time server systems.

No Win, No Fee

No Spider-Man no fee, the term is actually related with personal injury. The term is also associated with CFA (conditional fee agreement) .It is actually an agreement between the client and the solicitor whereby if the client is able to make Millie the Model claim he could pay the fees of the solicitor. No win no fee agreement was actually created so as to help that community of people who had limited access to the legal justice. The term no win no fee was actually introduced around mid 90's. Recent surveys indicate that around 2.5 million people in United Kingdom suffer from injuries caused by the accident. As a result of which most of them lose their employment and suffer both emotionally and physically. According to the law of United Kingdom the liable party should compensate the injured party.

There are circumstances under which a solicitor appeals for a no win no fee agreement. No win no fee agreement is 1951 Topps baseball cards applicable in cases of personal injury like asbestos related diseases, accident injuries, medical negligence, public liability and workers compensation. car donation program not all personal injury claims can win compensation. An injury claim is possible only if one has suffered pain and suffering and has incurred financial losses. The solicitors generally take up such cases only Action Man the claim could be made. There are many circumstances in which compensation cannot be secured. No win no fee agreement is generally not possible in non-personal injury cases.

A good solicitor generally advises his client and furnishes him the details of the circumstances under which a compensation cannot be won. If it is known that the injury caused is not the fault of someone else then a case cannot be filed because legal action is possible only if there is a fault from the other side. If there are no witnesses or medical evidence to substantiate then no claim could be made. There might also be circumstances where there is literally very little or no proof to make a claim. Under such circumstances a no win no fee agreement stands absurd.

While no win no fee means no fees to the lawyer if one loses the case it is not the same with all cases. In most of the cases where there are very little chances of winning the claim an insurance policy is taken to underwrite the personal injury claim. Hence the insurance company pays the fees of the solicitor. It is the responsibility of the client to make sure that whether or not he is supposed to pay the cost of the policy.

No win no fee agreement though has some shortcomings, is one legal tool to help many people who not only suffer from the injuries sustained in the accident but also suffer from depression and anxiety. Hiring a no win no fee solicitor or accident lawyer is now possible and you need not worry about your finances at all. Filing compensation claims can be done by one and all.

href="100percent-compensation.co.uk/no-win-no-fee/">No win no fee A new concept helping one all make a claim for compensation without worrying about the lawyers fees

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